Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

The concept of human rights focuses on protecting the basic rights and interests of a person as a human being, without which one cannot live like a human being. These rights mainly include the right to life of the individual, right to freedom, right to equality, right to justice, right to education, right to health etc. Although the concept of human rights is modern, but its roots are associated with ancient traditions and philosophies. Which played an important role in shaping the concept of modern human rights. After two world wars in the 20th century, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the world community in 1948 and withit human rights were universally recognized at the global level. In modern era human rights concept has gradually expanded over different generations. Each generation has expanded the scope and depth of human rights based on the previous generation. This article will review the new dimensions of human rights developed in different generation.

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 Keywords

Human Rights, Human being, Right to life, Right to freedom, Right to equality, Right to justice, Right to education, Right to health, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Police accountability plays a pivotal role in ensuring that criminal law is enforced fairly, transparently, and in accordance with constitutional guarantees. This study examines how legal safeguards, judicial guidelines, oversight institutions, and internal disciplinary mechanisms regulate police conduct and protect citizens' rights in India. Drawing upon landmark case laws, the research analyses the relationship between accountability and the effective functioning of law enforcement. It also evaluates the impact of police misconduct including custodial violence, illegal detention, fabricated evidence, and excessive force on public trust and justice delivery. A comparative assessment of policing systems in the different countries highlights best practices that can contribute to strengthening Indian accountability frameworks, such as independent oversight bodies, transparent arrest procedures, and rights-based custodial safeguards. The study identifies persistent challenges such as political interference, weak implementation of reforms, inadequate training, and resource constraints. It concludes by proposing structural, legal, and technological reforms aimed at enhancing transparency, protecting human rights, and improving the credibility of the criminal justice system.

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 Keywords

Police; Police Accountability; Criminal Law; Law; Investigation; Evidence; Custodial Violence; Human Rights; Constitution; Judicial Guidelines; Police Reforms; Prakash Singh Directions; D.K. Basu Guidelines; Oversight Mechanisms; Police Misconduct; Rule of Law; Criminal Justice System; Constitutional Safeguards; Public Trust; Comparative Policing; UK; US; French; Police Complaints Authority; Transparency; Accountability.

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The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company Ltd., two significant participants in the public and private sectors of India's life insurance market, are compared in this research study. This study's objective is to assess and examine their financial performance, operational effectiveness, product strategies, and customer service focus using information gleaned from industry reports and previous academic studies. Numerous studies' findings show that LIC's long-standing brand trust, wide agent network, and strong rural penetration are the reasons it continues to dominate the life insurance market. Risk-averse clients looking for assured returns are still drawn to its traditional product line, which focuses mostly on endowment and whole-life insurance. However, because of its bureaucratic structure and delayed adoption of digital tools, the public insurer has difficulties with operational efficiency and innovation. ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, on the other hand, has become one of the most powerful private insurers in India by reaching younger, tech-savvy consumers through contemporary distribution channels like bancassurance, online platforms, and digital marketing. According to studies, ICICI Prudential has gained market share among investors looking for flexibility and transparency by concentrating on unit-linked insurance plans (ULIPs), term plans, and protection-based products. Comparative research also shows significant differences in financial performance indicators such as return on equity, solvency ratios, and expense management. LIC's large scale provides stability and a vast customer base, but its cost structure remains higher compared to private competitors. Despite having a smaller total size, ICICI Prudential exhibits more operational efficiency and agility, which has improved profitability ratios recently. Publicly available research indicates that private insurers, such as ICICI Prudential, are outperforming public insurers in terms of customer satisfaction, technological adaptability, and claim settlement speed; however, LIC continues to have a higher overall claim settlement ratio, which reflects its long-term credibility. Additionally, research using the CARAMEL model (Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Revenue, Management efficiency, Earnings, and Liquidity) shows that while both insurers perform well within regulatory requirements, their strategic approaches are different. While ICICI Prudential excels in innovation, technology-driven services, and a diverse product mix, LIC is strengthened by its capital base and traditional trust. According to academic research, the Indian life insurance market is gradually transitioning from savings-oriented to protection-oriented products due to rising consumer financial literacy and digital awareness. The comparative analysis concludes by highlighting the fact that, despite using different operational models, both LIC and ICICI Prudential Life Insurance considerably contribute to the expansion of India's insurance industry. While ICICI Prudential's success is ascribed to its customer-centric innovations, product diversification, and digital transformation, LIC's strength is found in its extensive distribution reach, brand legacy, and trust. When taken as a whole, they show how India's changing life insurance market strikes a dynamic balance between conventional trust-based and cutting-edge technology-led methods. According to this study, future expansion will also depend on how well both insurers adjust to technological developments, regulatory changes, and shifting consumer preferences in a market that is becoming more and more competitive.

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 Keywords

financial performance, customer satisfaction, LIC, ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, comparative analysis, life insurance sector, India

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This paper proposes and evaluates methods for predicting human ABO and Rh blood groups from fingerprint images. The hypothesis is that physiological correlations between fingerprint ridge patterns, sweat gland distribution, and genetic markers can be exploited to estimate blood group labels using image-processing and machine learning techniques. We present a pipeline combining fingerprint preprocessing, handcrafted feature extraction and deep learning to classify fingerprint samples into blood group categories.

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Blood Group detection based On Fingerprint

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Education is a fundamental instrument for social and economic development, and its effective delivery depends not only on national policy frameworks but also on robust local implementation mechanisms. In recent decades, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of decentralization in governance, particularly in the education sector. This study explores the implementation of educational schemes and policies through local government structures, such as Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), and School Management Committees (SMCs), with a focus on their role in enhancing access, equity, and quality in primary and secondary education. The research delves into major schemes like the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Mid-Day Meal (MDM), Right to Education Act (RTE), and Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA 2.0), examining how these are translated into action at the grassroots level. Using secondary data from national educational databases such as UDISE+, ASER, and policy documents, along with case studies and qualitative insights from existing literature, the study identifies both enabling factors and persistent challenges in local implementation. Findings suggest that while local bodies are instrumental in mobilizing resources, engaging the community, and addressing context-specific needs, their effectiveness is often hampered by inadequate training, limited financial autonomy, bureaucratic delays, and overlapping responsibilities. Moreover, the gap between policy formulation and implementation often leads to sub-optimal outcomes, especially in underserved urban and rural areas. The study concludes that strengthening the capacity of local governance institutions, ensuring timely fund disbursement, enhancing accountability, and promoting participatory planning are essential for achieving the intended goals of educational policies. It advocates for a multistakeholder approach where teachers, parents, local leaders, and civil society collectively contribute to improving educational outcomes. This paper aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and practitioners on how local governance structures can be optimized for more effective and inclusive educational service delivery.

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Local Governance, Decentralization, Implementation, Education, Equity

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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One of the most interesting aspects of libraries in the 21st century is that while their focus has shifted from the management of information, it is now more concerned with broader goals of social service and environmental awareness. This article focuses on sustainable librarianship which incorporates the ethics of environmentalism into the work, services, and librarian profession. Areas of study include the environmental impact of library operations, sustainable collection development practices, planning of green library buildings, and the library's role in the environmental education of local communities. It also discusses how libraries can further the United Nations SDGs, including through the design of ecologically sustainable buildings, ethical information practices, and environmental advocacy. Librarians need to take responsibility for implementing sustainable practices within their organizations, and to promote education on environmental issues to their clientele. It follows then that if the philosophy of environmental ethics can be realized in the delivery of information services, libraries may drive sustainability and ethics in society.

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Sustainable librarianship, Environmental ethics, Green libraries, Sustainability, Environmental education, Sustainable Development Goals, Information services.

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This project presents a Dynamic Wireless Charging System (DWCS) for electric vehicles using inductive power transfer. The system enables EVs to charge while moving through mutual inductive coupling between coils placed under the road and on the vehicle. Experimental results show a pulsating DC output of around 12 V and 3 A, with an efficiency of 75-85%, and an optimal charging speed of 3-4 m/s. The study demonstrates that dynamic wireless charging can reduce EV downtime, extend driving range, and support continuous on-road power. This technology offers a promising step toward smart and sustainable transportation by integrating clean energy, automation, and contactless charging infrastructure.

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Dynamic Wireless Charging, Electric Vehicles, Wireless Power Transfer, Inductive Power Transfer, Mutual Inductance, Charging Efficiency, Transmitter Coil, Receiver Coil, Smart Transportation Systems, Renewable Energy Integration.

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Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune dermatological disorder characterized by non-scarring hair loss on areas scalp, face, and body due to CD8+NKG2D+ T-cells, driven inflammatory cytokines like IFN-g, attack hair follicles .This is the case of Female aged 56 treated individual Genetic constitutional homoeopathic medicine for 3 months with significant improvement of patchy hair loss on the scalp with long lasting improvement without recurrences and complication

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Homoeopathy, Alopecia areata , CD8+NKG2D+ T-cells , Genetic constitutional Similimum, Lycopodium.

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This study has been undertaken to investigate the determinants of stock returns in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) using two assets pricing models the classical Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory model

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KSE, APT

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Abstract This paper presents EchoLens: Vision Through Sound, an intelligent, low-cost assistive system designed to enhance mobility and safety for visually impaired individuals. The system integrates multiple sensors--ultrasonic, flame, water, temperature, and fall detection--interfaced with a PIC microcontroller. It provides real-time audio feedback through a voice processor and wireless monitoring via the Internet of Things (IoT) using an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and the Blynk application. The stick detects obstacles, environmental hazards, and health conditions, issuing immediate alerts through both speech and remote notifications. Experimental results demonstrate accurate detection of obstacles up to 4 meters, fast response time, and reliable connectivity with mobile applications. By combining embedded control, sensor fusion, and IoT technologies, EchoLens improves user autonomy, reduces risk in unfamiliar environments, and bridges the gap between assistive hardware and smart communication systems. The project contributes toward inclusive innovation by transforming conventional mobility aids into interactive smart devices for social and health empowerment of the visually challenged.

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 Keywords

Assistive technology, IoT, ultrasonic sensor, PIC microcontroller, visually impaired, embedded systems, voice feedback.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition