Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy, affecting approximately 4-14% of pregnancies worldwide. It results from insulin resistance and ?-cell dysfunction caused by placental hormones such as human placental lactogen, progesterone, and cortisol. Uncontrolled GDM poses risks for both the mother and fetus, including macrosomia, preeclampsia, and future development of Type 2 diabetes.Physiotherapy plays a vital role in managing GDM by promoting glucose control, improving insulin sensitivity, maintaining optimal body weight, and enhancing overall maternal health. Structured exercise programs including aerobic exercises (walking, swimming, cycling), resistance training, and flexibility routines help regulate blood glucose levels and prevent complications. Following the FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type) principle, moderate-intensity physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, combined with strength training twice weekly, is recommended.This study emphasizes that physiotherapy-based exercise interventions are safe, effective, and essential components of GDM management when integrated with medical nutrition therapy and pharmacological care. Regular physiotherapy-guided physical activity improves metabolic control, reduces insulin requirements, and contributes to healthier pregnancy outcomes for both mother and child.

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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Physiotherapy, Exercise Therapy, Insulin Resistance, Pregnancy, Aerobic Exercise, Strength Training.

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"Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal OPD in Tertiary Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim" Memory Manner1, Binita Khati2, Sonam Zangmu Sherpa3 1M.Sc. Nursing Student, 2Professor HOD OBG Nursing Dept, 3Associate Professor, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Abstract Introduction: One of the most prevalent health issues affecting pregnant women worldwide is urinary incontinence (UI), often known as the involuntary flow of urine. Urinary Incontinence is the term for when a person is unable to contain her urine effectively. This is a typical issue that arises and gets worse throughout pregnancy. Statistics show that 423 million (21.6%) women received UI diagnoses in 2018, making it one of the biggest regional burdens in Asia. Aims and objectives: The study was conducted to assess the Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Urinary Incontinence among Pregnant women attending Antenatal checkup in Tertiary Care Hospital Gangtok, Sikkim. Method: A pre-experimental one group pretest-post-test Research study was conducted with 63 First Trimester pregnant women who were attending antenatal check-up. Non-Probability Purposive Sampling Technique was used. Revised Urinary Incontinence Scale (RUIS) was used to measured Urinary Incontinence in pregnant women then a pelvic floor muscle exercise was taught to the pregnant women who had urinary incontinence with the help of flyer (comprises of steps and benefits of pelvic floor muscle exercise). They were asked to practice the same for 30 minutes for a period of one months. Post test was done after one month. Result: The pre-test results shows that 7(11.1%) of the first trimester pregnant women have severe urinary continence, followed by 31(49.2%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 25(39.6%) mild urinary incontinence. Whereas, in the post-test results shows that none of the first trimester have severe urinary continence, followed by 7(11.1%) have moderate urinary incontinence, 39(61.9%) mild urinary incontinence and 17(27%) have no urinary incontinence. Hence, findings indicates that pelvic floor muscles exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women, with p*value <0.05 level of significant Conclusion: The study revealed that pelvic floor muscle exercise was effective in improving urinary incontinence among pregnant women. The results of this study can be taken into consideration in educating Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise to every Pregnant woman during their antenatal visits, in order to reduce the risk of Urinary Incontinence among them.

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Keywords: urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle exercise, first trimester pregnant women

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In today's fast-paced academic setting, students often find it hard to keep up with attendance tracking, assignment submissions, and managing tasks across various platforms. This system solves that problem by providing a single digital portal that combines key academic and productivity tools into one user-friendly web interface. It includes features like an Attendance Tracker, To-Do and Task Manager, Assignment Tracker, and Resource Repository. This setup gives students a complete view of their academic performance and responsibilities. By using predictive analytics and helpful reminders, the system helps students make better choices about attendance and deadlines. This approach lowers mental strain, improves time management, and encourages a more organized learning routine. Overall, the platform seeks to simplify academic tasks, promoting efficiency, engagement, and better academic discipline in students.

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Student Portal, Academic Dashboard, Attendance Management, Task Tracking, Assignment Monitoring, Resource Repository, Web Application, Educational Technology, Productivity Tool, Time Management.

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One of the most important functional areas of management is financial performance since a company's ability to operate effectively is heavily reliant on how well its financial resources are used. Since retained earnings provide a significant percentage of the investment money needed to maintain an ongoing business, an enterprise's potential for expansion is also influenced by its financial performance. The last ten years have seen a significant increase in the significance of financial management because of persistent inflation. The manufacturing, power and energy, service, and retail sectors' financial activities have all been significantly impacted. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. The retail industry's cost of capital has increased due to high interest rates. It has also resulted in a rise in the amount of money required to run retail operations. The sector's current working capital needs and financial expenditures for expansion, modernization, and replacement have significantly increased. As a result, the challenge of generating more funds falls on financial managers. The government strategy of limiting the amount of loanable cash has made their task more challenging. For finance managers in the retail industry, their responsibilities are more demanding, crucial, and complicated all at once.

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Profitability, net profit, operating profit, Financial Performance.

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The present study is concerned with the multifaceted challenges of access to quality school education among higher secondary students in the Tenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. Amidst efforts by the government for the universalization of education, the concept of "quality" remains elusive and unevenly distributed. The sample comprises 100 higher secondary students, and key demographic and institutional variables have been analyzed in the study: gender, locality (Urban/Rural), type of school (Government/Private), and medium of instruction (Tamil/English). The findings indicate significant disparities in the perceived and actual access to quality education. Students reported more difficulties with regards to infrastructure, digital resources, and English language proficiency from rural localities and government schools. Though there were no significant differences observed in accessing educational facilities regarding gender disparities, there were some differences observed in subject choices and career guidance. The medium of instruction turned out to be a critical differentiator, with the English medium showing a significant advantage in access to information related to higher education and employment. The study concludes that a one-size-fits-all policy is insufficient and prescribes differential intervention in terms of upgrading the infrastructure in rural and government schools, teacher training, and bridging the English language divide, ensuring quality education on equal terms to all in Tenkasi District.

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Keywords: Quality Education, Access, Higher Secondary, Tenkasi, Rural-Urban Divide, Medium of Instruction, School Type.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay will discuss the way Divakaruni has subverted this myth by making Draupadi to talk, and not to remain a passive character that she is turned into a symbol of resistance and agency, and self-realization. The paper also analyses the way the author incorporates myth, history and feminism to get a fresh narrative that redefines empowerment in patriarchal society.

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Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, in The Palace of Illusions, reenacts the great Indian epic, The Mahabharata, in an entirely new way, making it look through the eyes of a woman, Draupadi, who has always been viewed as a secondary figure in a male dominated storyline. By re-creating the epic in this manner, Divakaruni contradicts the conventional patriarchal approach to the epic and makes Draupadi a strong, smart, and free woman who challenges the social conventions and gender inequalities. This essay

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This paper introduces Pawsitivity Petkart, a web-based platform designed to streamline pet adoption and the sale of pet-related products through a unified digital system. The platform offers an interactive interface that enables users to explore available pets, view product details, and complete secure online transactions. It also provides administrators and sellers with tools to manage inventories, update listings, and monitor sales performance. The system is implemented using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and MySQL, ensuring efficient data management and transaction reliability. By addressing issues such as geographical constraints and limited transparency in traditional pet stores, the proposed solution enhances accessibility and user trust. Future development aims to incorporate machine learning for personalized recommendations and IoT-based modules for intelligent petcare management, thereby fostering a responsible and technology-driven pet ownership environment.

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Online Pet Shop, E-Commerce, Pet Adoption, Web Application, IoT, Pet Management System

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Performance appraisal is a critical human resource tool used to evaluate employee performance, identify strengths and weaknesses, and guide HR planning. In private limited companies, effective appraisal systems help enhance employee motivation, productivity, and organisational growth. This research investigates the effects of performance appraisal on employee motivation and organisational outcomes in Indian private limited companies. Data were collected from 120 employees across five private companies, and a detailed statistical analysis (correlation, regression, mean comparisons) was conducted. Results show a strong positive correlation (r = 0.78) between employee satisfaction with appraisal systems and job motivation. Regression analysis further reveals that performance appraisal practices explain 61% of the variance in employee motivation. The study concludes that companies with transparent, structured, and feedback-oriented appraisal systems experience significantly higher performance outcomes.

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Keywords Performance Appraisal, Employee Motivation, Private Limited Companies, Feedback Quality, Appraisal Fairness, Organisational Performance, Reward Systems, Human Resource Management, Employee Satisfaction, Productivity, Evaluation Techniques, Performance Management, Regression Analysis, Job Performance, Employee Engagement

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The EDPs focus mainly on skill development among the participants. The skill sets that are sought to be developed are broadly of two types, viz., Hard skills and Soft skills. Hard skills refer to technical and managerial skills. On the other hand, Soft skills refer to cognitive and behavioural skills in areas such as positive thinking, creativity, communication, interpersonal relationship, problem solving, decision making and so on.

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Social status, Econmc status, entreprenurship etc

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The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has significantly transformed the landscape of medical device innovation. This technology offers immense potential for personalized healthcare solutions, including patient-specific implants, prosthetics, surgical tools, and tissue scaffolds. However, the integration of 3D printed devices into mainstream healthcare systems presents complex regulatory challenges globally. Regulatory bodies such as the U.S. FDA, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and India's CDSCO are striving to develop adaptive frameworks that address the unique aspects of 3D printing, including material variability, device reproducibility, and post-processing validation. This abstract explores the evolving global regulatory landscape for 3D printed medical devices by highlighting key challenges such as classification ambiguities, quality control, risk assessment, and traceability. It also discusses existing and emerging standards issued by organizations like ISO, ASTM, and IEC, which aim to harmonize manufacturing protocols and testing procedures. Compliance pathways vary significantly across jurisdictions, impacting product approval timelines and market access. Additionally, the abstract emphasizes the need for international harmonization, real-time regulatory feedback, and collaborative innovation to ensure patient safety while fostering technological growth. A robust, risk-based approach incorporating design controls, software validation (for CAD and simulation tools), and additive manufacturing-specific Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) is crucial for regulatory acceptance. This work concludes by recommending strategies for manufacturers to navigate the complex compliance environment, including early regulatory engagement, adoption of standardized processes, and investment in post-market surveillance systems.

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3D printed medical devices, additive manufacturing, global regulatory landscape, FDA, EMA, CDSCO, ISO/ASTM standards, compliance pathways, personalized medicine, device classification.

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