Volume 12 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

This paper aims at exploring the importance of a widespread branch of algorithms called graph algorithms in the solution of the challenging real-world issues in different areas. It will be also possible to describe in more details using selected cases other practical application of the main algorithms including Dijkstra's shortest path; minimum spanning tree; depth first and breadth first searches; and network flow algorithms. Their specific application in areas of GPS, Network, Web Crawling and Transport systems is discussed. Further, real-life use in social network analysis, bioinformatics, computer network routing, and recommender systems are also described with examples to widen the understanding of its importance in the contemporary technology. Newer fields are also discussed including graph neural networks and quantum graph algorithms and what the industry might look like in the future. Synthesizing theories with solutions, this research highlights graph algorithms as a core to innovation and superior results, supporting their applicability in addressing present-day problems within computer science.

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Graphs, Algorithms, Networks, GPS, Web Crawling.

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This paper explores the theme of alienation in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis, focusing on its existential and psychological dimensions. Through a critical analysis of Gregor Samsa's transformation into an insect and the subsequent events, the study examines themes of isolation, societal pressures, and loss of identity. By interpreting the protagonist's metamorphosis as a metaphor for modern alienation, the research highlights the enduring relevance of Kafka's work in understanding the pervasive sense of disconnection experienced by individuals today, despite being surrounded by a bustling society.

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Alienation, Isolation, Existentialism, Dehumanization, struggle.

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ABSTRACT Background Pharmacovigilance, the science of monitoring the safety and efficacy of drugs, is essential for all therapeutic systems, including Homeopathy. Despite the growing acceptance of Homeopathic treatments, there is a significant gap in the understanding and implementation of pharmacovigilance practices among practitioners. This research aims to address the challenges faced in reporting and analyzing adverse drug events (ADEs) in Homeopathy. Methods The study involved comprehensive literature review of Organon of Medicine, Homeopathic texts, journals, and contemporary research articles, all scientific books, websites and relevant literary works to assess the state of pharmacovigilance in Homeopathy. Objectives The primary objectives of this study were to identify barriers to effective pharmacovigilance in Homeopathy, enhance the understanding of adverse event reporting, and propose strategies for improving data collection and analysis. Results Findings revealed significant gaps in awareness and education regarding pharmacovigilance among Homeopathic practitioners. Underreporting of ADEs was prevalent, primarily due to the individualized nature of Homeopathic treatment and challenges in establishing causal links between remedies and adverse events. The Modified Naranjo Criteria was found to require adaptation for better applicability in Homeopathy. Conclusion Effective pharmacovigilance is crucial for ensuring patient safety in homeopathy. By addressing the identified challenges and fostering a culture of reporting and education, the Homeopathic community can enhance the understanding of treatment safety

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Keywords: Homoeopathy, Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Drug Events, Adverse drug reaction, Misleading advertisement

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Reading plays a crucial role in education. It holds significance for students as it aids in knowledge, vocabulary, critical thinking, cognitive development, imagination, empathy, academic performance, communication, personal growth, future success, and lifelong learning. In the current educational landscape where Sri Lankan English language learners encounter challenges in cultivating a reading habit, motivating them to read has become paramount. Drawing upon the potential of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) techniques, this study embarks on a six-week intervention design to boost students' motivation for reading in English. This research study examines the effects of NLP anchoring techniques on motivation in reading among second language learners. A total of 60 grade 10 students from a government school were selected using the purposive sampling technique for this research. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, employing the mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Incorporated pre-tests and post-tests to collect quantitative data to measure changes in reading comprehension from the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire (MRQ) and the Nelson-Denny Reading Test (NDRT) that revealed significant improvements in motivation and comprehension (p < 0.001). Qualitative data collected through a focus group discussion highlighted enhanced awareness of reading strategies and increased engagement. An NLP workshop was conducted for participants before the post-test phase to achieve the research objectives. A proficient English language instructor was engaged as an external observer and evaluator in the research. The data was examined using MS Excel (one-tailed test) and thematic analysis. The results of the data analysis indicated that after being exposed to anchoring techniques participants exhibited significantly higher improvement in reading comprehension skills, as evidenced by higher post-test scores. While the study contributes valuable insights into the impact of anchoring techniques on reading among participants, it is important to acknowledge certain recommendations including integrating NLP into curricula, providing teacher training, and conducting long-term studies. This research contributes valuable insights for educators seeking innovative strategies to enhance reading engagement and proficiency among ESL learners.

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Anchoring technique, English language learners, motivation, Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), reading habits

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This research paper examines the economic stability and overall quality of life of Branch Postmasters (BPMs) in the Manjeri Division, focusing on their income levels, financial challenges, and the effect of these factors on their quality of life. The research aims to measure both the income adequacy and the key economic difficulties faced by the branch postmasters, with a particular focus on understanding how these challenges affect their overall well-being. Data was collected from 55 BPMs through structured telephonic interviews, covering various dimensions such as demographic details, employment information, financial stability, economic challenges, and overall quality of life. The analysis used SPSS and MS Excel to apply statistical tools including mean, percentage, correlation, regression, and ANOVA. The study shows that most BPMs earn between INR 10,001 and 15,000 monthly. Despite homeownership, many postmasters report insufficient savings and high levels of debt, with significant amounts of their income allocated to essential expenses and transportation costs. The regression analysis shows that monthly income is significantly affected by factors such as essential expenses, bonuses, and additional costs like electricity bills. These findings underscore the hypothesis that the current salary of BPMs is insufficient to meet their basic needs. Also, the study identifies key quality-of-life determinants, including savings, outstanding loans, overtime work, leave availability, access to affordable healthcare, and adequate washroom facilities. It uncovers that insufficient savings and loan burdens negatively impact the quality of life, while access to healthcare and proper washroom facilities contribute positively. The regression model explains about 89.6% of the variance in quality of life, highlighting the substantial effect of these factors on BPM's overall well-being. This research underlines the urgent need for policy interventions to improve the financial and working conditions of Branch Postmasters. Improving salary structures, providing better job benefits, and addressing critical issues such as savings opportunities, healthcare access, and work-life balance could significantly improve their economic stability and quality of life. The findings contribute valuable insights into the challenges faced by BPMs and suggest actionable steps for policymakers to support these crucial employees.

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Branch Postmasters, economic stability, quality of life, salary sufficiency, worklife balance.

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In recent times, the Earth's environment is being increasingly affected and these environmental problems are having a negative impact on people's daily lives. People are striving to solve these problems with the highest possible priority. Environmental issues play an important role in society and therefore also in the economy. Both customers and manufacturers are looking for environmentally friendly products. Eco-friendly products are organic food and recyclable products that are less harmful to the environment. Eco-friendly products are also known as green products, which are studied under green marketing. Green marketing is getting more attention from both manufacturers and customers. The government should pay more attention to the environmental problems of sustainable development which can be solved by green marketing. Green marketing is one of the strategies that a company can use to reduce these harmful effects. Green marketing refers to the process of developing, promoting, selling and distributing products and/or services that have less harmful effects on the environment. Such a product or service should be inherently environmentally friendly or produced in an environmentally friendly manner. The AMA defines green marketing as "the study of the positive and negative aspects of marketing activities on pollution, energy consumption and the use of non-energy resources". A sample of 200 respondents was selected in Gorakhpur city and a questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentile) were used in this study to analyse the primary data. The results of the study show that the customer's purchasing decision has no influence on the green labelling strategy pursued by the companies. However, one of the basic assumptions of green marketing is that potential consumers would be willing to pay more for a "green" product if these green products offer additional benefits. This paper attempts to analyse consumer awareness and willingness to buy green products. Keywords: green marketing, green products, environmentally friendly products.

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Green Marketing, Green products, Eco-friendly products.

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The integration of machine learning (ML) in healthcare monitoring is revolutionizing patient care by enabling real-time data analysis and predictive modelling. This paper explores the application of various ML techniques, including supervised and unsupervised learning, in monitoring patient health indicators, predicting disease progression, and enhancing clinical decision-making. We begin by discussing the types of healthcare data ranging from electronic health records (EHRs) to wearable device outputs and their implications for ML model development. Key ML algorithms, such as support vector machines, neural networks, and ensemble methods, are examined for their efficacy in tasks like anomaly detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment recommendations. We further delve into case studies demonstrating successful ML implementations in chronic disease management, early detection of conditions like diabetes and heart disease, and remote patient monitoring. Challenges such as data privacy, model interpretability, and the need for domain expertise in model training and validation are critically assessed. The paper concludes by highlighting future directions for research, including the integration of natural language processing for unstructured data analysis, advancements in federated learning for privacy-preserving models, and the potential of real-time analytics to foster proactive healthcare interventions. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of machine learning in improving healthcare outcomes while addressing the ethical and technical challenges inherent in its deployment. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly pivotal in healthcare monitoring, enhancing the ability to analyze vast amounts of patient data for improved outcomes.

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IoT, AI, ML

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Peelu, scientifically known as Salvadora persica, is a small, evergreen tree native to arid regions of India, Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. It holds immense cultural, medicinal, and ecological significance, especially in Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine in India. Revered for its therapeutic properties, Salvadora persica is particularly famous as the source of the "miswak," a natural toothbrush used for centuries for oral hygiene. Rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and essential oils, Peelu has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making it effective against a variety of oral and systemic health conditions.

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Peelu, Salvadora Persica, Miswak, Tooth Brush Tree

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Aquatic biodiversity is the rich and wonderful variety of plants and animals. Wide animal diversity found in Angoori barrage and make a great aquatic ecosystem with the help of flora and fauna. The present paper deals with four major groups of animals were recorded in this reservoir during study period. Various indigenous and commercial fishes of importance were found in this reservoir. Abundance of fresh water fishes of the reservoir presence of 27 fish species belonging to 6 order 10 families and 16 genera was recorded. Among the collected species, order Cyprinitormes was most dominant and followed by order Silouriformes and Ophiocephaliforms. While the Community of zooplankton in Angoori reservoir consists of Cladocera, Rotifera, Copepoda, Protozoa and Ostracoda in order were dominance.Various species of benthic animals were found in this reservoir. Total 28 genera, 20 family, 15 order, 9 class and 4 phyla were recorded in study area. Phylum Arthropoda was dominant phylum followed phylum Mollusca, while the phylum Annelida and phylum Rotifera were represent after that. While in the Angoori reservoir Mollusca animal found with three class four order seven family and 12 genus and species is recorded during study period Class Gastroda is dominant with the two order five family and 10 genus and Species.

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Key Words:- Aquatic Biodiversity, Fishes, Zooplankton, Benthic Animals, Mollusca, Angoori Reservoir

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