Volume 13 | Issue 11 |

 Abstract

This This study investigates secondary students' perceptions of learning difficulties in English in Odisha. English, as a global language, plays a vital role in India's education, yet many learners struggle with its mastery. Using a descriptive survey design, 80 Class IX students from four Odia-medium secondary schools (government and private) in Cuttack district were sampled through a combination of simple random, convenient, and purposive techniques. Data were collected using a validated 45-item Language Difficulty Perception Scale (reliability = 0.85). Findings reveal that most students consider English moderately difficult, with gender significantly influencing perceptions, while school type had no significant effect. The study highlights the need for inclusive and responsive pedagogical approaches to address students' learning difficulties and improve English language instruction. By centering learners' perspectives, the research contributes to both theory and practice in language education in Odisha.

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 Keywords

English Language, Secondary Students, Learning Difficulties, Perception, Odisha

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Prefilled syringe are more beneficial device for the purpose of drug delivery of parental dosage form. They are more convenient to manufacture and delivering the dosage of medicine. The review article discusses the components of Prefilled syringe, its applications and its compatibility with the packing material, Extractable and leachable and challenge's with the Prefilled syringe. This type of knowledge can familiarize the formulation scientist. In the use of Prefilled syringe as both packing and delivery system for pharmaceutical drug product is accelerating. Prefilled syringe must have good quality, stability and efficiency for both system including with the drug product. In that, the incompatibility study between the drug product and Prefilled syringe including the safety of the drug product.

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prefilled syringes

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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This paper examines how generative artificial intelligence (AI) challenges traditional conceptions of authorship, creativity, and intellectual property. Using a theoretical framework drawn from literary theory (Barthes, Foucault), cognitive accounts of creativity (Boden), and contemporary legal and policy responses, the study interrogates whether machine-generated artifacts can be integrated into existing frameworks of ownership and moral attribution. The paper traces technological developments in generative models, analyzes landmark legal decisions and policy guidance, and proposes conceptual and normative responses that balance innovation, fair reward, and protection of human creative labor.

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Digital Era, Innovation, Skills, Senses,Authenticity

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The present study investigates the interrelationship among Economic Growth, Exports, and Imports in India by employing advanced time series econometric techniques such as Cointegration analysis, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and the Granger Causality test. The primary objective of this study is to examine both the long-run and short-run dynamics among these key macroeconomic variables that play a pivotal role in shaping India's economic performance. The analysis is based on secondary time series data covering the period from 1991-92 to 2022-23, corresponding to the post-liberalization era characterized by major economic reforms and increased openness to international trade. The results of the Johansen cointegration test confirm the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among Economic Growth, Exports, and Imports in India, indicating that these variables move together over time and are jointly influenced by underlying economic forces. The findings from the VECM further reveal the presence of a short-run adjustment mechanism, suggesting that deviations from long-run equilibrium are corrected over time, albeit gradually. Furthermore, the Granger causality analysis provides deeper insights into the direction of causality among the variables. The results indicate that Exports Granger-cause GDP, and GDP Granger-causes Exports, signifying a bidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and exports. However, in the case of imports, the findings show that GDP Granger-causes Imports, while Imports do not Granger-cause GDP, implying a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to imports. This suggests that India's rising income and production levels drive the demand for imports, whereas imports themselves do not significantly influence the country's economic growth. Overall, the study underscores the crucial role of exports in stimulating economic growth and highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced trade structure to sustain long-term economic development in India.

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Agriculture, Globalization, Liberalization, Exports, Economic Growth, Industry, Imports, International Trade.

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Effect of government intervention in the pricing of agricultural produce: A study of bhawanter scheme

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Effect of government intervention in the pricing of agricultural produce: A study of bhawanter scheme

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The present research is an attempt to observe how ESG-focused mutual funds differ from traditional non ESG mutual funds in Indian capital market. Existing literature shows mixed results regarding ESG funds' performance; some studies reporting outperformance and others showing underperformance relative to traditional funds. The study's primary concern is return and variability. There are three ESG mutual funds (Axis, ICICI, and Aditya Birla) who contribute more than 70% of total cumulative funds size under ESG theme in Indian market. These three mutual funds scheme has been considered for sample. Using monthly net asset value data from 2020 to 2024 we employed t-tests and f-tests to analyze mean returns and variance differences across three major ESG funds and their equity counterparts. Our findings reveal that ESG and equity funds demonstrate statistically distinct risk profiles, despite comparable mean returns. These findings suggest that ESG screening systematically affects portfolio construction and risk characteristics. Further, composition analysis shows that ESG and equity funds hold materially different portfolios despite both investing in the same equity instruments.

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ESG, Mutual Funds, Indian Mutual Fund Market, Risk Analysis, Fund Performance

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India's foundational commitment was based on constitutional pluralism, a structure designed to accommodate the nation's immense diversity by guaranteeing specific rights for religious and linguistic minorities--including autonomy over educational institutions (Article 30) and the freedom of religion (Article 25). However, the current political and legal environment increasingly favors constitutional monism, an ideological drive for uniformity and assimilation. This research identifies two primary mechanisms eroding minority safeguards. First, the judiciary has introduced the Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine, which empowers courts to determine the "core" tenets of a religion. This judicial rationalization allows for the selective state regulation of faith, often undermining the religious autonomy guaranteed to minority groups. Second, exclusionary legislation actively institutionalizes discrimination. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) introduces a religious test for citizenship, fundamentally violating the constitutional mandate of equality. Simultaneously, state-level Anti-Conversion Laws target interfaith relationships and restrict the freedom of conscience, while security laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) are used broadly to silence civil society and minority dissent. The confluence of restrictive laws, judicial overreach, and institutional failure has led to a sustained human rights deficit, fostering a climate of targeted discrimination and impunity. The report concludes that India must urgently adopt institutional reforms and repeal exclusionary laws to restore its secular, pluralistic constitutional identity.

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Keywords: Constitutional Pluralism, Minority Protection, Essential Religious Practices (ERP) Test, Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), Secularism

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ABSTRACT: The conventional Indian medicine - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani describes various herbs, fats, oils and minerals with anti-inflammatory as well as wound healing properties. Wounds are injuries that cause a break or disruption in the continuity of the skin, mucous membranes, or underlying soft tissues. They can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, burns, or pressure. Wound healing can be defined as a complex, dynamic, and well-coordinated process that results in the restoration of the anatomical continuity and physiological function of injured tissues. Various plant products have been used in the treatment of wounds over the years. Wound healing herbal extracts promote blood clotting, fight infection, and accelerate the healing of wounds. Hence in the current review, a list of the plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds was screened. Conducting detailed research on wound healing, health, and the development of safe, effective, and globally accepted herbal formulations for the treatment of cuts and wounds is of great importance to the scientific community.

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Index Terms - wound, wound healing, plant products.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India has seen a sharp increase in stressed assets, mostly in public sector banks. There are several discernible reasons that have contributed to this state of affairs. These include the global slowdown, problems with governance, political reasons, and wrongdoing and malice. As a result, both the general people and the Union Government, which essentially controls public sector banks, suffer large losses. As a result, the Non-Performing Asset increases. Using this chance, a thorough investigation into the causes of the declining asset quality in public sector banks is necessary. Four years' worth of data, from F.Y. 2012-13-02 to 2015-16, have been examined to determine the effect of stress advances.

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Non-Performing Assts, Stressed Advances, Government Banks

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Abstract: Agriculture is a vital industry that supports the global economy, and plant diseases are a significant threat to crop productivity and food security. Quickly and accurately identifying plant diseases is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Traditional methods of detecting diseases depend on manual observation and expert knowledge. These methods can be slow, subjective, and prone to mistakes. To tackle these issues, this research introduces an automated plant disease detection system that uses deep learning techniques. The proposed model uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to extract features and classify diseased and healthy plant leaves. The dataset includes images of various crop leaves affected by different diseases. We apply image preprocessing techniques like resizing, normalization, and data augmentation to improve the model's performance. Additionally, using pre-trained architectures like ResNet for transfer learning boosts accuracy and lowers computational costs. The trained model shows high precision and recall, proving its ability to identify multiple disease types with minimal human input. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach greatly surpasses traditional machine learning methods in classification accuracy and generalization. This work shows how deep learning-based systems can help farmers and agricultural experts detect diseases early, which can enhance crop yield and reduce losses. Future work plans to integrate the model into a mobile application for real-time disease identification and field use.

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 Keywords

Key Terms - Artificial Intelligence (AI), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Learning, Image Classification, Plant Disease Detection, Precision Agriculture, Machine Learning, Computer Vision.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition