Volume 13 | Issue 10 |

 Abstract

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Hepatocellular carcinoma, Rutin, Piperine, N-Nitrosodiethylamine, Chemoprevention, Liver enzymes

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mangrove water and soil properties are crucial parameters in understanding the importance and role of mangrove forests and their impact on the adjacent aquatic systems. The actual study was conducted within the period of two years for both countries (One year in each country), two major sites were chosen in Ghana (Songor Ramsar site) and Cameroon (Douala Edea Reserve). In each site, three mangrove stands: 1) Avicennia, 2) Rhizophora and mixed (Rhizophora and Avicennia) were selected and marked out, and water and soil properties were assessed. The objective of this study was to compare and characterize selected water and soil properties of the two countries. This research on mangrove ecosystem addressed three specific objectives: 1) Determine physicochemical and climatic factors affecting mangrove environment; 2) Assess the spatio- temporal variations in water and soil quality parameters of the mangrove of Cameroon and Ghana; 3) Show the interrelationships between mangrove water and soil properties in both countries within the West -Central African Ecoregion. It was appeared that as the season changes there was a fluctuation in the physicochemical characters of the water, this will be due to ebb and flow, flushing of rain water, change in the temperature and salinity as season changes. All physicochemical parameters, except for DO, meet the requirements for marine protected waters' standard water quality as specified by DAO 2016- 08. The Effective Cation Exchange capacity (ECEC) values ranged from 4.57 to 6.62 cmolkg-1 in Ghana and 6.88 to 25.53 cmolkg-1 in Cameroon. The mangrove soils of Cameroon were more fertile compared to those of Ghana. The present information of the physico-chemical characteristics of water would form a useful tool for further ecological assessment and monitoring of these coastal ecosystems in both countries.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keys Words: Mangroves, Environment, water, Soil, aquatic Systems, Coastal Ecosystems, Rhizophora, Avicennia, Physicochemical Parameters.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The word stress is derived from Latin word "Stringere" or tightness. Researchers view stress as the physiological, psychological conditions that a person experiences when a situation is perceived as threatening, harmful or demanding. In modern society we are faced with excessive psychological stress, as well as epidemic of over-eating and the two together appear to have synergistic effects. Chronic stress can lead to over-eating, co-elevation of Cortisol and Insulin and suppression of certain anabolic hormones. This state of metabolic stress in turn promotes abdominal adiposity. Both the direct stress response and accumulation of visceral fat can promote a milieu of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. This biochemical environment is conductive to several cells aging mechanisms, mainly, dampening, Telomerase and leading to Telomere length shortening and earlier mortality. As we lead a stressful life so the burden of diseases of aging on the health care system will likely to be overwhelmed. So, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of biological aging. The aim of this paper is to make the people aware about how chronic stress accelerate aging and also to improve public health.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Chronic stress,aging,oxidative stress,adipose tissue,cortisol,insulin,metabolic stress

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition