Volume 14 | Issue 1 |

 Abstract

Metro rail systems are increasingly promoted as sustainable solutions for managing congestion, reducing pollution, and improving urban mobility efficiency in Indian cities. Despite extensive public investment and technically advanced infrastructure, many newly operational metro systems continue to experience ridership levels that are significantly lower than initial projections. This persistent gap highlights the limitations of infrastructure-led planning approaches that overlook behavioural, spatial, and environmental dimensions of everyday travel. This research examines low metro ridership in Indian cities through the concept of behavioural friction, defined as the cumulative spatial, psychological, climatic, and social resistance encountered by commuters during daily mobility. The study moves beyond traditional transport performance metrics by focusing on lived commuter experience, particularly during first- and last-mile access to metro stations. A mixed-method approach combining commuter perception surveys, spatial accessibility analysis, walkability audits, and qualitative behavioural assessment is adopted. A Behavioural Friction Index (BFI) is developed to evaluate station-level resistance to metro usage by integrating walkability quality, climatic comfort, safety perception, last-mile reliability, and surrounding land-use activity. Findings indicate that extreme thermal stress, fragmented pedestrian infrastructure, safety concerns, unreliable last-mile services, and entrenched twowheeler dependence significantly reduce the effective catchment area of metro stations. The paper concludes that metro performance in Indian cities depends less on engineering capacity and more on access comfort, behavioural acceptance, and spatial quality, advocating a shift toward behaviour-led, climate-responsive, and human-centric urban mobility planning.

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Behavioural friction, metro ridership, urban mobility, walkability, climate stress, Indian cities

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A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

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DEM, Flood modeling; HEC-HMS/RAS; HEC- GeoHMS/RAS; Urbanization

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INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is very crucial event in every woman's life. Its brings anatomical, physiological and biochemical changes in women body. These all changes bring many common symptoms in pregnant mothers like, nausea and vomiting, heartburn, varicose vein, constipation. Constipation is the second most common in pregnant mothers. Constipation is occurring due to hormonal fluctuations like progesterone hormone increased during pregnancy that leads to relaxation of intestinal muscles. Other causes of constipation like enlargement of uterus, lack of fiber rich diet, lack of fluids, lack of exercise and also due to iron and calcium supplementations. Constipation leads to symptoms like, infrequent bowel movements, hard stool, rectal fullness. Along with this constipation leads to complications like hemorrhoid and rectal bleeding. Constipation is occurs in approximately 2.6% to 24.8% in Asia. Prevalence rate of constipation in pregnant women was 40% and evidence also shown that prevalence rate of constipation is two-three folds higher among pregnant women. PROBLEM STATEMENT Effect of diet counselling and exercise on constipation among antenatal mothers. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ? To assess the prevalence rate of constipation among antenatal mothers ? To assess the effect of the diet counselling and exercise on constipation among antenatal mothers. METHODOLOGY This is a quasi-experimental research study was conducted on 64 antenatal mothers consecutive purposively selected, who were came for antenatal checkup in the selected hospital in the selected city. Antenatal mothers in their second trimester onwards , those were will to participate and those who can read and write Marathi were included in the study and those antenatal mothers with high risk complication like preeclamsia, eclampsia or those were on treatment of constipation were excluded from study. Researcher divided the antenatal mothers in experimental and control group. Modified Rome III criteria was used as research tool to check the constipation score among antenatal mothers. Reliability score of Modified Rome III criteria was calculated with the help of split half method and found to be 0.871. Data analysis done with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. Researcher used Mann-whitney and Wilcoxone test to fulfill the objectives. RESULT 64 antenatal mothers were enrolled between the age of 20-25 years among them mean duration of pregnancy in experimental group was 6.88% months and in control group was 6.78%. Most of the antenatal mothers i.e. 78.1% had moderate constipation, while 21.9% cases had mild constipation and none of cases had constipation or sever constipation during pretest of experimental group. In post-test 46.9% of cases mild constipation, 53.1% cases had no constipation and none had moderate or severe constipation. Whereas 78.1% antenatal mothers in control group had moderate constipation 21.9% of cases had mild constipation and none of case had constipation or severe constipation in pretest while in post-test 18.7% of cases had moderate constipation, 59.4% of cases had mild constipation, 21.9% of cases had no constipation and none of case had sever constipations. Mean pretest constipation score was 2.91 in experimental group while 0.63 was mean posttest constipation score. Posttest constipation score was significantly decreased i.e. 78.35% by applying Wilcoxon test Z=5.01>1.96, reject the null hypothesis as P<0.0001 Mean pretest constipation score was 3.06 in experimental group while 1.66 was mean posttest constipation score. Posttest constipation score was significantly decreased i.e. 45.75% by applying Wilcoxon test Z= 4.41>1.96, reject the null hypothesis as P<0.0001 CONCLUSION The present study shown that diet counselling and exercise was effective on constipation among antenatal mothers. The similar study can be conducted with acupuncture and with honey water as study interventions to treat constipation during antenatal period. The same study can be done throughout pregnancy and postnatal period also this study can be conducted in community setting and among antenatal mothers of first trimesters

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Diet counselling, Exercise, Antenatal mothers, Modified Rome III criteria.

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The upturn of Naxalism in India reflects deep-rooted socio-economic inequalities, political marginalization, and uneven development in tribal and rural regions. Originating as an agrarian movement, Naxalism has evolved into a significant internal security challenge, particularly in the Red Corridor states. Factors such as land alienation, exploitation of forest resources, poor governance, and lack of basic services have contributed to its resurgence. Despite various counter-insurgency and development initiatives by the government, the movement continues to attract local support. Addressing the issue requires a balanced approach combining security measures with inclusive development, justice, and effective governance.

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Naxalism capitalism communism

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This unique study critically re-examines the widely accepted notion of the so-called “ozone hole,” a concept that has been a major global environmental concern for decades. Based on factual evidence, theoretical principles, and rigorous scientific reasoning, it is demonstrated that the concept of ozone depletion largely arises from the inherent limitations and inaccuracies of measurement instruments, methodologies, and interpretations. A careful analysis of the scientific processes governing the formation and destruction of stratospheric ozone reveals natural balance within the Chapman cycle, thereby challenging conventional conclusions. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation up to 290 nm (290 nanometer = 2900 Å = 2.9×10-7 m) is effectively absorbed by stratospheric oxygen and ozone. Molecular oxygen (O₂) undergoes photolysis to yield atomic oxygen, which recombines with O₂ to form ozone (O₃). Ozone itself is continuously destroyed through photolysis and spontaneous reactions (O + O₃ → 2O₂; O₃ + O₃ → 3O₂). This continuous cycle is active only in the presence of the Sun’s UV radiation. And this megacycle benefits our Earth in many ways, both directly and indirectly. Instead, increased UV radiation at specific geographic regions (Antarctica, Arctic, Tibet, Greenland, Himalayas, Alaska, etc.) is attributed to extremely low temperatures and exceptionally clean atmospheric conditions, not to the destruction of the ozone layer. Thus, the term “ozone hole” should be interpreted as enhanced UV radiation, rather than actual ozone loss. UV radiation is classified on a health basis, not on the basis of ozone absorption or any instrument-specific measurement principle. Accordingly, it is divided into three categories: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm). Among these, UV-C is the most harmful, but it is completely blocked by the oxygen–ozone shield. UV-B partially reaches the Earth’s surface and plays a crucial role in vitamin-D synthesis, while UV-A, though less harmful, reaches the surface almost entirely, with its intensity modulated primarily by other atmospheric constituents. In the primary stage, the oxygen layer absorbs extremely short-wavelength solar UV radiation, leading, as a consequence, to the formation of ozone in the secondary stage. In this secondary stage, the ozone layer absorbs, interferes with, attenuates, blocks, scatters, reflects, and refracts UV radiation with wavelengths shorter than 290 nm. As a result, biologically destructive UV-C radiation is fully eliminated before reaching the surface. Modern scientific understanding has now almost firmly established that UV radiation beyond 290 nm is controlled predominantly by other atmospheric components, such as aerosols, OH, H₂O, SO₂, NO₂, CO₂, and related species. In this wavelength region, the influence of the ozone or oxygen layers is negligible, and therefore it is scientifically untenable to infer ozone concentration by measuring variations in UV intensity beyond 290 nm using instrument-based measurement principles. In conclusion, the stratospheric oxygen– ozone system functions as a natural protective umbrella for life on Earth. The perceived “ozone hole” does not represent true depletion, but rather reflects natural variations in UV radiation and limitations of measurement interpretations. The objective of this research is not to weaken environmental protection policies, but to correct pseudo-scientific narratives and establish a rigorous, fact-based scientific foundation for atmospheric studies

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The Ozone Hole, Ozone layer depletion, The Oxygen Layer, Ozone Layer, UV Index (UVI), Atmospheric Components Freezing, polar vortex, Antarctica and Tropical Ozone Holes, Greenland, Alaska, Himalayas, Tibet and Arctic Mini Ozone Hole, Stratospheric Water Vapor (SWV) and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), Mega Cycles, Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC), Dobson Spectrophotometer, Ozone Sonde, Satellite Observations, Chapman Cycle, Stratospheric Dynamics, Surface

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In this project, we develop an IoT-Based Smart Irrigation System using ESP32 WiFi Module. The ESP32 connects to a WiFi network and uploads real-time soil moisture level, rain detection status, and pump operation status to the Adafruit IO cloud platform. The system uses a soil moisture sensor to determine the water content in the soil and a rain drop sensor to detect rainfall, enabling intelligent control of irrigation

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IoT,Smart irrigation system,ESP32 system

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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iot, esp32, embedded,

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"A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONE ON EXAM PERFORMANCE AMONG JUNIOR COLLEGES STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGE OF NAGPUR CITY."

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